diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09dc40d305813f3444d710896bd0ca4af484d6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: Test
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  pull_request:
+
+env:
+  POETRY_VERSION: "1.5.1"
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        python-version:
+          - "3.11"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Cache Poetry
+        uses: actions/cache@v3
+        with:
+          path: ~/.poetry
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-poetry-${{ hashFiles('**/poetry.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-poetry-
+      - name: Install poetry
+        run: |
+          pipx install poetry==$POETRY_VERSION
+      - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+          cache: poetry
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          poetry install
+      - name: Pytest
+        run: |
+          make test
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index df57182d1a723b6eef2b8c4855918fb7a0907bd4..5e807c4d1ed56d35548cc859123a3cc2666acbcb 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -12,3 +12,6 @@ venv/
 .env*.local
 .env
 mac.env
+
+# Code coverage history
+.coverage
diff --git a/.python-version b/.python-version
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c0733315e415bfb5e5b353f9996ecd964d395b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.python-version
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3.11
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 6fcc35a18cc71e9e22b0b8793f1789aa589a7d0c..372221c63b5f6ba50b28a1c171645b44d4e94f0e 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -9,3 +9,6 @@ lint_diff: PYTHON_FILES=$(shell git diff --name-only --diff-filter=d main | grep
 lint lint_diff:
 	poetry run black $(PYTHON_FILES) --check
 	poetry run ruff .
+
+test:
+	poetry run pytest -vv --cov=semantic_router --cov-report=term-missing --cov-fail-under=100
diff --git a/docs/examples/hybrid-layer.ipynb b/docs/examples/hybrid-layer.ipynb
index fa6b78c7ec8a9b18e1638135e352787236999b4f..98fccf6972026d62e6d53a3c96492ca90287207e 100644
--- a/docs/examples/hybrid-layer.ipynb
+++ b/docs/examples/hybrid-layer.ipynb
@@ -46,30 +46,20 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "import os\n",
     "\n",
-    "os.environ[\"COHERE_API_KEY\"] = \"<<COHERE_API_KEY>>\""
+    "os.environ[\"COHERE_API_KEY\"] = \"BQBiUqqjDRsYl1QKKux4JsqKdDkjyInS5T3Z3eJP\""
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stderr",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "/Users/jamesbriggs/opt/anaconda3/envs/decision-layer/lib/python3.11/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py:21: TqdmWarning: IProgress not found. Please update jupyter and ipywidgets. See https://ipywidgets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user_install.html\n",
-      "  from .autonotebook import tqdm as notebook_tqdm\n",
-      "None of PyTorch, TensorFlow >= 2.0, or Flax have been found. Models won't be available and only tokenizers, configuration and file/data utilities can be used.\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "from semantic_router.schema import Decision\n",
     "\n",
@@ -95,7 +85,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -133,7 +123,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -156,7 +146,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
+   "execution_count": null,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
@@ -167,40 +157,18 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'politics'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 6,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "dl(\"don't you love politics?\")"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'chitchat'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 7,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
    "source": [
     "dl(\"how's the weather today?\")"
    ]
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index f47ac40ca97c59a3e5e3d18ea89f13bd816f3729..8aaee95e2f97fcca98a70d0b023978aabf71d13e 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -2,111 +2,99 @@
 
 [[package]]
 name = "aiohttp"
-version = "3.8.6"
+version = "3.9.1"
 description = "Async http client/server framework (asyncio)"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
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+    {file = "aiohttp-3.9.1-cp39-cp39-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:9b05d33ff8e6b269e30a7957bd3244ffbce2a7a35a81b81c382629b80af1a8bf"},
+    {file = "aiohttp-3.9.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8fc49a87ac269d4529da45871e2ffb6874e87779c3d0e2ccd813c0899221239d"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 aiosignal = ">=1.1.2"
-async-timeout = ">=4.0.0a3,<5.0"
+async-timeout = {version = ">=4.0,<5.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
 attrs = ">=17.3.0"
-charset-normalizer = ">=2.0,<4.0"
 frozenlist = ">=1.1.1"
 multidict = ">=4.5,<7.0"
 yarl = ">=1.0,<2.0"
 
 [package.extras]
-speedups = ["Brotli", "aiodns", "cchardet"]
+speedups = ["Brotli", "aiodns", "brotlicffi"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "aiosignal"
@@ -235,13 +223,13 @@ uvloop = ["uvloop (>=0.15.2)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "certifi"
-version = "2023.7.22"
+version = "2023.11.17"
 description = "Python package for providing Mozilla's CA Bundle."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
 files = [
-    {file = "certifi-2023.7.22-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:92d6037539857d8206b8f6ae472e8b77db8058fec5937a1ef3f54304089edbb9"},
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+    {file = "certifi-2023.11.17-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e036ab49d5b79556f99cfc2d9320b34cfbe5be05c5871b51de9329f0603b0474"},
+    {file = "certifi-2023.11.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9b469f3a900bf28dc19b8cfbf8019bf47f7fdd1a65a1d4ffb98fc14166beb4d1"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -423,19 +411,19 @@ colorama = {version = "*", markers = "platform_system == \"Windows\""}
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cohere"
-version = "4.34"
-description = ""
+version = "4.37"
+description = "Python SDK for the Cohere API"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7,<4.0"
+python-versions = ">=3.8,<4.0"
 files = [
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-    {file = "cohere-4.34.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:597bb4ea490a8873ba8166b1bd491380595f4bc22b9e1ff8b3bbe3a4e6fd74bb"},
+    {file = "cohere-4.37-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f3fad3a0f8d86761d4de851dfd2233a1e5c7634a024102212d850bde9c9bb031"},
+    {file = "cohere-4.37.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:788021d9d992c6c31d1985d95cccb277c7265882c4acd7a49b3e47da77b4bec8"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 aiohttp = ">=3.0,<4.0"
 backoff = ">=2.0,<3.0"
-fastavro = {version = "1.8.2", markers = "python_version >= \"3.8\""}
+fastavro = ">=1.8,<2.0"
 importlib_metadata = ">=6.0,<7.0"
 requests = ">=2.25.0,<3.0.0"
 urllib3 = ">=1.26,<3"
@@ -468,6 +456,73 @@ traitlets = ">=4"
 [package.extras]
 test = ["pytest"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "coverage"
+version = "7.3.2"
+description = "Code coverage measurement for Python"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
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+    {file = "coverage-7.3.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:be32ad29341b0170e795ca590e1c07e81fc061cb5b10c74ce7203491484404ef"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+tomli = {version = "*", optional = true, markers = "python_full_version <= \"3.11.0a6\" and extra == \"toml\""}
+
+[package.extras]
+toml = ["tomli"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "debugpy"
 version = "1.8.0"
@@ -508,13 +563,13 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "exceptiongroup"
-version = "1.1.3"
+version = "1.2.0"
 description = "Backport of PEP 654 (exception groups)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -536,42 +591,48 @@ tests = ["asttokens (>=2.1.0)", "coverage", "coverage-enable-subprocess", "ipyth
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fastavro"
-version = "1.8.2"
+version = "1.9.0"
 description = "Fast read/write of AVRO files"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
-codecs = ["lz4", "python-snappy", "zstandard"]
+codecs = ["cramjam", "lz4", "zstandard"]
 lz4 = ["lz4"]
-snappy = ["python-snappy"]
+snappy = ["cramjam"]
 zstandard = ["zstandard"]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -646,43 +707,54 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
-version = "3.4"
+version = "3.6"
 description = "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.5"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "importlib-metadata"
-version = "6.8.0"
+version = "6.9.0"
 description = "Read metadata from Python packages"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 [package.dependencies]
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 [package.extras]
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 perf = ["ipython"]
 testing = ["flufl.flake8", "importlib-resources (>=1.3)", "packaging", "pyfakefs", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=2.2)", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)", "pytest-perf (>=0.9.2)", "pytest-ruff"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "iniconfig"
+version = "2.0.0"
+description = "brain-dead simple config-ini parsing"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
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+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ipykernel"
-version = "6.26.0"
+version = "6.27.1"
 description = "IPython Kernel for Jupyter"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -709,24 +781,23 @@ test = ["flaky", "ipyparallel", "pre-commit", "pytest (>=7.0)", "pytest-asyncio"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ipython"
-version = "8.17.2"
+version = "8.18.1"
 description = "IPython: Productive Interactive Computing"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 files = [
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 [package.dependencies]
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 decorator = "*"
 exceptiongroup = {version = "*", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
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 matplotlib-inline = "*"
 pexpect = {version = ">4.3", markers = "sys_platform != \"win32\""}
-prompt-toolkit = ">=3.0.30,<3.0.37 || >3.0.37,<3.1.0"
+prompt-toolkit = ">=3.0.41,<3.1.0"
 pygments = ">=2.4.0"
 stack-data = "*"
 traitlets = ">=5"
@@ -1099,13 +1170,13 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pexpect"
-version = "4.8.0"
+version = "4.9.0"
 description = "Pexpect allows easy control of interactive console applications."
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1148,6 +1219,21 @@ files = [
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 test = ["appdirs (==1.4.4)", "covdefaults (>=2.3)", "pytest (>=7.4)", "pytest-cov (>=4.1)", "pytest-mock (>=3.11.1)"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pluggy"
+version = "1.3.0"
+description = "plugin and hook calling mechanisms for python"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
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+]
+
+[package.extras]
+dev = ["pre-commit", "tox"]
+testing = ["pytest", "pytest-benchmark"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "prompt-toolkit"
 version = "3.0.41"
@@ -1280,17 +1366,75 @@ email = ["email-validator (>=1.0.3)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pygments"
-version = "2.16.1"
+version = "2.17.2"
 description = "Pygments is a syntax highlighting package written in Python."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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-    {file = "Pygments-2.16.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1daff0494820c69bc8941e407aa20f577374ee88364ee10a98fdbe0aece96e29"},
+    {file = "pygments-2.17.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b27c2826c47d0f3219f29554824c30c5e8945175d888647acd804ddd04af846c"},
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
 plugins = ["importlib-metadata"]
+windows-terminal = ["colorama (>=0.4.6)"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pytest"
+version = "7.4.3"
+description = "pytest: simple powerful testing with Python"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
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+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+colorama = {version = "*", markers = "sys_platform == \"win32\""}
+exceptiongroup = {version = ">=1.0.0rc8", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
+iniconfig = "*"
+packaging = "*"
+pluggy = ">=0.12,<2.0"
+tomli = {version = ">=1.0.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
+
+[package.extras]
+testing = ["argcomplete", "attrs (>=19.2.0)", "hypothesis (>=3.56)", "mock", "nose", "pygments (>=2.7.2)", "requests", "setuptools", "xmlschema"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pytest-cov"
+version = "4.1.0"
+description = "Pytest plugin for measuring coverage."
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
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+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+coverage = {version = ">=5.2.1", extras = ["toml"]}
+pytest = ">=4.6"
+
+[package.extras]
+testing = ["fields", "hunter", "process-tests", "pytest-xdist", "six", "virtualenv"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pytest-mock"
+version = "3.12.0"
+description = "Thin-wrapper around the mock package for easier use with pytest"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
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+pytest = ">=5.0"
+
+[package.extras]
+dev = ["pre-commit", "pytest-asyncio", "tox"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "python-dateutil"
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 python-versions = ">=3.7"
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 [[package]]
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 [[package]]
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-version = "6.3.3"
+version = "6.4"
 description = "Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">= 3.8"
 files = [
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 [[package]]
@@ -1661,18 +1805,18 @@ telegram = ["requests"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "traitlets"
-version = "5.13.0"
+version = "5.14.0"
 description = "Traitlets Python configuration system"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 [package.extras]
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+test = ["argcomplete (>=3.0.3)", "mypy (>=1.7.0)", "pre-commit", "pytest (>=7.0,<7.5)", "pytest-mock", "pytest-mypy-testing"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typing-extensions"
@@ -1703,13 +1847,13 @@ zstd = ["zstandard (>=0.18.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wcwidth"
-version = "0.2.10"
+version = "0.2.12"
 description = "Measures the displayed width of unicode strings in a terminal"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1724,85 +1868,101 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "yarl"
-version = "1.9.2"
+version = "1.9.3"
 description = "Yet another URL library"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
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+    {file = "yarl-1.9.3-cp39-cp39-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:d92d897cb4b4bf915fbeb5e604c7911021a8456f0964f3b8ebbe7f9188b9eabb"},
+    {file = "yarl-1.9.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:271d63396460b6607b588555ea27a1a02b717ca2e3f2cf53bdde4013d7790929"},
+    {file = "yarl-1.9.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4a14907b597ec55740f63e52d7fee0e9ee09d5b9d57a4f399a7423268e457b57"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1827,4 +1987,4 @@ testing = ["big-O", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "more-itertools", "p
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = "^3.10"
-content-hash = "4953e126f4e42186a812ca444ae887f723a5b76943234b7897df3bd8563944a3"
+content-hash = "b751e9eced707d903729ec6f473ec547e00bd7ef98e7536da003e5d2f4a80783"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index f2b4ba2e2e621f42e4d82909c623a86d0013024e..76ac7539cb2b21a902572467ed188ed871a34573 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ authors = [
     "James Briggs <james@aurelio.ai>",
     "Siraj Aizlewood <siraj@aurelio.ai>",
     "Simonas Jakubonis <simonas@aurelio.ai>",
-    "Luca Mannini <luca@aurelio.ai>"
+    "Luca Mannini <luca@aurelio.ai>",
+    "Bogdan Buduroiu <bogdan@aurelio.ai>"
 ]
 readme = "README.md"
 
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ python = "^3.10"
 pydantic = "^1.8.2"
 openai = "^0.28.1"
 cohere = "^4.32"
+numpy = "^1.25.2"
 pinecone-text = "^0.7.0"
 
 
@@ -22,6 +24,9 @@ pinecone-text = "^0.7.0"
 ipykernel = "^6.26.0"
 ruff = "^0.1.5"
 black = "^23.11.0"
+pytest = "^7.4.3"
+pytest-mock = "^3.12.0"
+pytest-cov = "^4.1.0"
 
 [build-system]
 requires = ["poetry-core"]
diff --git a/semantic_router/layer.py b/semantic_router/layer.py
index 3bb685ccb20b65f1437e5b25df7b30582c4f311a..0c00e91664e606c91c959c990d9d1cf6123b6d3a 100644
--- a/semantic_router/layer.py
+++ b/semantic_router/layer.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from semantic_router.encoders import (
     OpenAIEncoder,
     BM25Encoder
 )
+from semantic_router.linear import similarity_matrix, top_scores
 from semantic_router.schema import Decision
 
 
@@ -69,13 +70,9 @@ class DecisionLayer:
         xq = np.squeeze(xq)  # Reduce to 1d array.
 
         if self.index is not None:
-            index_norm = norm(self.index, axis=1)
-            xq_norm = norm(xq.T)
-            sim = np.dot(self.index, xq.T) / (index_norm * xq_norm)
-            # get indices of top_k records
-            top_k = min(top_k, sim.shape[0])
-            idx = np.argpartition(sim, -top_k)[-top_k:]
-            scores = sim[idx]
+            # calculate similarity matrix
+            sim = similarity_matrix(xq, self.index)
+            scores, idx = top_scores(sim, top_k)
             # get the utterance categories (decision names)
             decisions = self.categories[idx] if self.categories is not None else []
             return [
diff --git a/semantic_router/linear.py b/semantic_router/linear.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c13262fbe55bfe4cd92f75c61fb33899d60337e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/semantic_router/linear.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import Tuple
+
+import numpy as np
+from numpy.linalg import norm
+
+
+def similarity_matrix(xq: np.ndarray, index: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Compute the similarity scores between a query vector and a set of vectors.
+
+    Args:
+        xq: A query vector (1d ndarray)
+        index: A set of vectors.
+
+    Returns:
+        The similarity between the query vector and the set of vectors.
+    """
+
+    index_norm = norm(index, axis=1)
+    xq_norm = norm(xq.T)
+    sim = np.dot(index, xq.T) / (index_norm * xq_norm)
+    return sim
+
+
+def top_scores(sim: np.ndarray, top_k: int = 5) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    # get indices of top_k records
+    top_k = min(top_k, sim.shape[0])
+    idx = np.argpartition(sim, -top_k)[-top_k:]
+    scores = sim[idx]
+
+    return scores, idx
diff --git a/tests/functional/test_linear.py b/tests/functional/test_linear.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..210de6d200495cb37c3c46ab11c792efb8505dea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/test_linear.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from semantic_router.linear import similarity_matrix, top_scores
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def ident_vector():
+    return np.identity(10)[0]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def test_index():
+    return np.array([[3, 0, 0], [2, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0]])
+
+
+def test_similarity_matrix__dimensionality():
+    """Test that the similarity matrix is square."""
+    xq = np.random.random((10,))  # 10-dimensional embedding vector
+    index = np.random.random((100, 10))
+    S = similarity_matrix(xq, index)
+    assert S.shape == (100,)
+
+
+def test_similarity_matrix__is_norm_max(ident_vector):
+    """
+    Using identical vectors should yield a maximum similarity of 1
+    """
+    index = np.repeat(np.atleast_2d(ident_vector), 3, axis=0)
+    sim = similarity_matrix(ident_vector, index)
+    assert sim.max() == 1.0
+
+
+def test_similarity_matrix__is_norm_min(ident_vector):
+    """
+    Using orthogonal vectors should yield a minimum similarity of 0
+    """
+    orth_v = np.roll(np.atleast_2d(ident_vector), 1)
+    index = np.repeat(orth_v, 3, axis=0)
+    sim = similarity_matrix(ident_vector, index)
+    assert sim.min() == 0.0
+
+
+def test_top_scores__is_sorted(test_index):
+    """
+    Test that the top_scores function returns a sorted list of scores.
+    """
+
+    xq = test_index[0]  # should have max similarity
+
+    sim = similarity_matrix(xq, test_index)
+    _, idx = top_scores(sim, 3)
+
+    # Scores and indexes should be sorted ascending
+    assert np.array_equal(idx, np.array([2, 1, 0]))
+
+
+def test_top_scores__scores(test_index):
+    """
+    Test that for a known vector and a known index, the top_scores function
+    returns exactly the expected scores.
+    """
+    xq = test_index[0]  # should have max similarity
+
+    sim = similarity_matrix(xq, test_index)
+    scores, _ = top_scores(sim, 3)
+
+    # Scores and indexes should be sorted ascending
+    assert np.allclose(scores, np.array([0.0, 0.89442719, 1.0]))
diff --git a/tests/unit/encoders/test_base.py b/tests/unit/encoders/test_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2c39645d6bb6091b2d17c21cad5bee0aafe5079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/encoders/test_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import pytest
+
+from semantic_router.encoders import BaseEncoder
+
+
+class TestBaseEncoder:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def base_encoder(self):
+        return BaseEncoder(name="TestEncoder")
+
+    def test_base_encoder_initialization(self, base_encoder):
+        assert base_encoder.name == "TestEncoder", "Initialization of name failed"
+
+    def test_base_encoder_call_method_not_implemented(self, base_encoder):
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            base_encoder(["some", "texts"])
diff --git a/tests/unit/encoders/test_cohere.py b/tests/unit/encoders/test_cohere.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f7ddf281244132c130e027fedc99e00829770de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/encoders/test_cohere.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import pytest
+
+from semantic_router.encoders import CohereEncoder
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def cohere_encoder(mocker):
+    mocker.patch("cohere.Client")
+    return CohereEncoder(cohere_api_key="test_api_key")
+
+
+class TestCohereEncoder:
+    def test_initialization_with_api_key(self, cohere_encoder):
+        assert cohere_encoder.client is not None, "Client should be initialized"
+        assert (
+            cohere_encoder.name == "embed-english-v3.0"
+        ), "Default name not set correctly"
+
+    def test_initialization_without_api_key(self, mocker, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.delenv("COHERE_API_KEY", raising=False)
+        mocker.patch("cohere.Client")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            CohereEncoder()
+
+    def test_call_method(self, cohere_encoder, mocker):
+        mock_embed = mocker.MagicMock()
+        mock_embed.embeddings = [[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]]
+        cohere_encoder.client.embed.return_value = mock_embed
+
+        result = cohere_encoder(["test"])
+        assert isinstance(result, list), "Result should be a list"
+        assert all(
+            isinstance(sublist, list) for sublist in result
+        ), "Each item in result should be a list"
+        cohere_encoder.client.embed.assert_called_once()
+
+    def test_call_with_uninitialized_client(self, mocker):
+        mocker.patch("cohere.Client", return_value=None)
+        encoder = CohereEncoder(cohere_api_key="test_api_key")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            encoder(["test"])
diff --git a/tests/unit/encoders/test_openai.py b/tests/unit/encoders/test_openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23883fcc3581896b765e771e7c67f3a016603a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/encoders/test_openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import openai
+import pytest
+from openai.error import RateLimitError
+
+from semantic_router.encoders import OpenAIEncoder
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def openai_encoder(mocker):
+    mocker.patch("openai.Embedding.create")
+    return OpenAIEncoder(name="test-engine", openai_api_key="test_api_key")
+
+
+class TestOpenAIEncoder:
+    def test_initialization_with_api_key(self, openai_encoder):
+        assert openai.api_key == "test_api_key", "API key should be set correctly"
+        assert openai_encoder.name == "test-engine", "Engine name not set correctly"
+
+    def test_initialization_without_api_key(self, mocker, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.delenv("OPENAI_API_KEY", raising=False)
+        mocker.patch("openai.Embedding.create")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            OpenAIEncoder(name="test-engine")
+
+    def test_call_method_success(self, openai_encoder, mocker):
+        mocker.patch(
+            "openai.Embedding.create",
+            return_value={"data": [{"embedding": [0.1, 0.2, 0.3]}]},
+        )
+
+        result = openai_encoder(["test"])
+        assert isinstance(result, list), "Result should be a list"
+        assert len(result) == 1 and len(result[0]) == 3, "Result list size is incorrect"
+
+    def test_call_method_rate_limit_error__raises_value_error_after_max_retries(
+        self, openai_encoder, mocker
+    ):
+        mocker.patch("semantic_router.encoders.openai.sleep")
+        mocker.patch(
+            "openai.Embedding.create",
+            side_effect=RateLimitError(message="rate limit exceeded", http_status=429),
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            openai_encoder(["test"])
+
+    def test_call_method_failure(self, openai_encoder, mocker):
+        mocker.patch("openai.Embedding.create", return_value={})
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            openai_encoder(["test"])
+
+    def test_call_method_rate_limit_error__exponential_backoff_single_retry(
+        self, openai_encoder, mocker
+    ):
+        mock_sleep = mocker.patch("semantic_router.encoders.openai.sleep")
+        mocker.patch(
+            "openai.Embedding.create",
+            side_effect=[
+                RateLimitError("rate limit exceeded"),
+                {"data": [{"embedding": [1, 2, 3]}]},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        openai_encoder(["sample text"])
+
+        mock_sleep.assert_called_once_with(1)  # 2**0
+
+    def test_call_method_rate_limit_error__exponential_backoff_multiple_retries(
+        self, openai_encoder, mocker
+    ):
+        mock_sleep = mocker.patch("semantic_router.encoders.openai.sleep")
+        mocker.patch(
+            "openai.Embedding.create",
+            side_effect=[
+                RateLimitError("rate limit exceeded"),
+                RateLimitError("rate limit exceeded"),
+                {"data": [{"embedding": [1, 2, 3]}]},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        openai_encoder(["sample text"])
+
+        assert mock_sleep.call_count == 2
+        mock_sleep.assert_any_call(1)  # 2**0
+        mock_sleep.assert_any_call(2)  # 2**1
+
+    def test_call_method_rate_limit_error__exponential_backoff_max_retries_exceeded(
+        self, openai_encoder, mocker
+    ):
+        mock_sleep = mocker.patch("semantic_router.encoders.openai.sleep")
+        mocker.patch(
+            "openai.Embedding.create", side_effect=RateLimitError("rate limit exceeded")
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            openai_encoder(["sample text"])
+
+        assert mock_sleep.call_count == 5  # Assuming 5 retries
+        mock_sleep.assert_any_call(1)  # 2**0
+        mock_sleep.assert_any_call(2)  # 2**1
+        mock_sleep.assert_any_call(4)  # 2**2
+        mock_sleep.assert_any_call(8)  # 2**3
+        mock_sleep.assert_any_call(16)  # 2**4
+
+    def test_call_method_rate_limit_error__exponential_backoff_successful(
+        self, openai_encoder, mocker
+    ):
+        mock_sleep = mocker.patch("semantic_router.encoders.openai.sleep")
+        mocker.patch(
+            "openai.Embedding.create",
+            side_effect=[
+                RateLimitError("rate limit exceeded"),
+                RateLimitError("rate limit exceeded"),
+                {"data": [{"embedding": [1, 2, 3]}]},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        embeddings = openai_encoder(["sample text"])
+
+        assert mock_sleep.call_count == 2
+        assert embeddings == [[1, 2, 3]]
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_layer.py b/tests/unit/test_layer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96e06a086469b78c03dde08ff4508c33ea548095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_layer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import pytest
+
+from semantic_router.encoders import BaseEncoder, CohereEncoder, OpenAIEncoder
+from semantic_router.layer import DecisionLayer  # Replace with the actual module name
+from semantic_router.schema import Decision
+
+
+def mock_encoder_call(utterances):
+    # Define a mapping of utterances to return values
+    mock_responses = {
+        "Hello": [0.1, 0.2, 0.3],
+        "Hi": [0.4, 0.5, 0.6],
+        "Goodbye": [0.7, 0.8, 0.9],
+        "Bye": [1.0, 1.1, 1.2],
+        "Au revoir": [1.3, 1.4, 1.5],
+    }
+    return [mock_responses.get(u, [0, 0, 0]) for u in utterances]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def base_encoder():
+    return BaseEncoder(name="test-encoder")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def cohere_encoder(mocker):
+    mocker.patch.object(CohereEncoder, "__call__", side_effect=mock_encoder_call)
+    return CohereEncoder(name="test-cohere-encoder", cohere_api_key="test_api_key")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def openai_encoder(mocker):
+    mocker.patch.object(OpenAIEncoder, "__call__", side_effect=mock_encoder_call)
+    return OpenAIEncoder(name="test-openai-encoder", openai_api_key="test_api_key")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def decisions():
+    return [
+        Decision(name="Decision 1", utterances=["Hello", "Hi"]),
+        Decision(name="Decision 2", utterances=["Goodbye", "Bye", "Au revoir"]),
+    ]
+
+
+class TestDecisionLayer:
+    def test_initialization(self, openai_encoder, decisions):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder, decisions=decisions)
+        assert decision_layer.similarity_threshold == 0.82
+        assert len(decision_layer.index) == 5
+        assert len(set(decision_layer.categories)) == 2
+
+    def test_initialization_different_encoders(self, cohere_encoder, openai_encoder):
+        decision_layer_cohere = DecisionLayer(encoder=cohere_encoder)
+        assert decision_layer_cohere.similarity_threshold == 0.3
+
+        decision_layer_openai = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder)
+        assert decision_layer_openai.similarity_threshold == 0.82
+
+    def test_add_decision(self, openai_encoder):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder)
+        decision = Decision(name="Decision 3", utterances=["Yes", "No"])
+        decision_layer.add(decision)
+        assert len(decision_layer.index) == 2
+        assert len(set(decision_layer.categories)) == 1
+
+    def test_add_multiple_decisions(self, openai_encoder, decisions):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder)
+        for decision in decisions:
+            decision_layer.add(decision)
+        assert len(decision_layer.index) == 5
+        assert len(set(decision_layer.categories)) == 2
+
+    def test_query_and_classification(self, openai_encoder, decisions):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder, decisions=decisions)
+        query_result = decision_layer("Hello")
+        assert query_result in ["Decision 1", "Decision 2"]
+
+    def test_query_with_no_index(self, openai_encoder):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder)
+        assert decision_layer("Anything") is None
+
+    def test_semantic_classify(self, openai_encoder, decisions):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder, decisions=decisions)
+        classification, score = decision_layer._semantic_classify(
+            [
+                {"decision": "Decision 1", "score": 0.9},
+                {"decision": "Decision 2", "score": 0.1},
+            ]
+        )
+        assert classification == "Decision 1"
+        assert score == [0.9]
+
+    def test_semantic_classify_multiple_decisions(self, openai_encoder, decisions):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder, decisions=decisions)
+        classification, score = decision_layer._semantic_classify(
+            [
+                {"decision": "Decision 1", "score": 0.9},
+                {"decision": "Decision 2", "score": 0.1},
+                {"decision": "Decision 1", "score": 0.8},
+            ]
+        )
+        assert classification == "Decision 1"
+        assert score == [0.9, 0.8]
+
+    def test_pass_threshold(self, openai_encoder):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=openai_encoder)
+        assert not decision_layer._pass_threshold([], 0.5)
+        assert decision_layer._pass_threshold([0.6, 0.7], 0.5)
+
+    def test_failover_similarity_threshold(self, base_encoder):
+        decision_layer = DecisionLayer(encoder=base_encoder)
+        assert decision_layer.similarity_threshold == 0.82
+
+
+# Add more tests for edge cases and error handling as needed.
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_schema.py b/tests/unit/test_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2563bf0bc21b7769f96d1119fdc29b6afab66d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import pytest
+
+from semantic_router.schema import (
+    CohereEncoder,
+    Decision,
+    Encoder,
+    EncoderType,
+    OpenAIEncoder,
+    SemanticSpace,
+)
+
+
+class TestEncoderDataclass:
+    def test_encoder_initialization_openai(self, mocker):
+        mocker.patch.dict("os.environ", {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "test"})
+        encoder = Encoder(type="openai", name="test-engine")
+        assert encoder.type == EncoderType.OPENAI
+        assert isinstance(encoder.model, OpenAIEncoder)
+
+    def test_encoder_initialization_cohere(self, mocker):
+        mocker.patch.dict("os.environ", {"COHERE_API_KEY": "test"})
+        encoder = Encoder(type="cohere", name="test-engine")
+        assert encoder.type == EncoderType.COHERE
+        assert isinstance(encoder.model, CohereEncoder)
+
+    def test_encoder_initialization_unsupported_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            Encoder(type="unsupported", name="test-engine")
+
+    def test_encoder_initialization_huggingface(self):
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            Encoder(type="huggingface", name="test-engine")
+
+    def test_encoder_call_method(self, mocker):
+        mocker.patch.dict("os.environ", {"OPENAI_API_KEY": "test"})
+        mocker.patch(
+            "semantic_router.encoders.openai.OpenAIEncoder.__call__",
+            return_value=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3],
+        )
+        encoder = Encoder(type="openai", name="test-engine")
+        result = encoder(["test"])
+        assert result == [0.1, 0.2, 0.3]
+
+
+class TestSemanticSpaceDataclass:
+    def test_semanticspace_initialization(self):
+        semantic_space = SemanticSpace()
+        assert semantic_space.id == ""
+        assert semantic_space.decisions == []
+
+    def test_semanticspace_add_decision(self):
+        decision = Decision(
+            name="test", utterances=["hello", "hi"], description="greeting"
+        )
+        semantic_space = SemanticSpace()
+        semantic_space.add(decision)
+
+        assert len(semantic_space.decisions) == 1
+        assert semantic_space.decisions[0].name == "test"
+        assert semantic_space.decisions[0].utterances == ["hello", "hi"]
+        assert semantic_space.decisions[0].description == "greeting"